Education Reform in Indiana:
A Parent, Citizen & Taxpayer View
prepared by the Fort Wayne 9-12
January 2011
INTRODUCTION: The Need for Reform
In recent years, we have become surrounded by the media blaring empty platitudes about education: students are failing, American education is lagging behind, class sizes are too large, we’re not spending enough on education, urban and minority students are in trouble, leave no child behind, we need educational reform, we can’t compete. But while the media machine is busy with their 2 minute sound bites, the taxpayer, parent, politician and student remain as unenlightened as ever. From John Dewey’s The School and Social Progress in 1899, Milton Friedman’s “The Role of Government in Education” in 1956, “A Nation at Risk in 1983, Alan Bloom’s The Closing of the American Mind in 1987, to the 2009 America Legislative Exchange Council’s “Report Card on American Education”, teaching America’s youth and leading them to become the best and the brightest has been much discussed, but less thoroughly understood by the public and thoughtfully acted upon through legislative action. In the 25 years since “A Nation at Risk” appeared and gained widespread attention, little has changed for American students. If anything, for many students academic excellence is now more remote than ever. More than 25 years after “A Nation at Risk” appeared, it is time to do much better.
The Problem in Summary
How much does education matter? Jeb Bush, former governor of Florida has commented,
“We live in an era of global competition. Our world today is more
interconnected and interdependent. American students coming of age are
competing for jobs and opportunities with students from around the world.
The security and standard of living of current and future generations
depend on whether we succeed in preparing students to meet this
challenge. As a nation, are we doing what we need to win this race? The
answer is no.”
Are American students being prepared to take on the intellectual, creative, inventive, and educational challenges presented by students from across the globe? Recent findings from the National Center for Education Statistics presented in “U.S. Performance across International Assessments of Student Achievement” suggest that American students are falling behind. Students from the United States ranked 25th in Mathematics behind students in the Czech Republic, Poland, Iceland, the Slovak Republic, and Hungary. The United States ranked 22nd in Science behind South Korea, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Poland and Iceland. With the increased pressure of a knowledge-based economy, it isn’t enough, anymore, for students to have basic educational attainment. Modern workers are expected to possess reason, creativity, logic and problem solving skills as well as a high level of proficiency in mathematics, science, language and communication.
Not only are American students falling behind internationally, but there are tragic costs of poor educational outcomes domestically. For students, the cost of being undereducated results in the expectation of a declining standard of living and lower lifetime earnings. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the average High School graduate can expect to earn approximately $30,400 per year. The typical high school drop out can expect only $23,400. Decreased income potential brings a social cost to communities as well. Henry M. Levin, author of “The Social Costs of Inadequate Education” claims that increasing the average educational attainment by one year would reduce murder and assault rates by nearly 30%, auto theft by 20%, arson by 13% and larceny by 6%. Educational attainment (or lack thereof) contributes to rates of child poverty, out-of-wedlock births, and general employment instability.
Adults with poor educational skills are also more at risk for becoming dependent on government services in everything from criminal incarceration, unemployment and welfare benefits, and health care benefits to name only a few. The Foundation for Educational Choice estimates that if every student earned at minimum a high school diploma, the taxpayers would be saved $7 billion per year just from Medicaid savings. For every taxpayer, the benefits of fixing our educational system are easily seen through a reduction in government dependency and an increase in the number of viable taxpayers.
Finally, the great American democracy rests upon a foundation of civic involvement and knowledge among the citizenry. Thomas Jefferson wrote, “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.” The very life-blood of our republic, our collective freedoms are at stake on our nation’s playgrounds, classrooms and school rooms. Again, the prognosis is grim for American civics education. Measurements of history, economics, and government for high schoolers and college-age students are abysmal. Only 13% of 12th graders score “proficient” on a national history exam. A survey of over 14,000 college students given a multiple-choice test about American history, government, international relations and economics found that the average score was only 53%. If we measure the readiness of a student to assume adult civic responsibilities, we are producing a generation ill-equipped with the tools to make educated choices for the future. What’s more tragic is that we are not even producing students with the skills to find the answers or to problem solve their way through the challenging world we are now confronted with.
Where is the disconnect? Why are our students failing? The traditional wisdom, the battle cry so to speak, for many years, has been that schools have not been adequately funded. This argument simply no longer holds water. By age 18, the average American student has had more that $100,000 of taxpayer money invested into his or her education. What has this investment returned? Only 23% of 12 graders are “proficient” in mathematics; 39% scored “below Basic” meaning that they could not perform basic computations with real numbers nor estimate the results of basic mathematical calculations. In reading, only 35% of High School Seniors were proficient meaning that they were able to read and interpret grade-appropriate text. Despite a $100,000 investment, American students are likely to depart from high school unable to read at grade level or do basic math skills. Graduation rates show another alarming trend. While 78% of white students earn high school diplomas, only 56% of black students and 52% of Hispanic students graduate. And in some urban areas graduation rates hover just above 30%. In Indianapolis, the graduation rate is only 31%.
When all is said and done and all is taken into consideration, there is little need to hear the sound bites that tell us that American education is failing. Our current system is failing parents, it is failing taxpayers, it is failing the Republic. And most dire, it is failing our rising generation. It is clear that the time for change has come.
Does Indiana Need School Choice?
Clearly, educational standards nationwide are not what we, as parents, educators and taxpayers would want them to be. But the questions raised by consideration of school reform are myriad. Our Hoosier students aren’t failing, are they? Our tax dollars are being spent wisely, right? Its important to examine each question one by one.
Indiana’s Present Educational Achievement and Status.
The “Report Card on American Education: Ranking State K-12 Performance, Progress and Reform” commissioned by the American Legislative Exchange Council, ranks Indiana’s educational performance at 13th out of 51 (rankings include all 50 states plus the District of Columbia). That puts Indiana in the top 25% of state-ranked educational systems. That might sound impressive, but consider the following. On the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) low-income 4th graders and 8th graders in Indiana scored below the proficient levels in Math and Reading. Although there has been some slight upward trend in NAEP scores between 2003 and 2009, the gains are not significant enough to have given the educational support to Indiana’s students to make them internationally competitive. Even if we consider the state ranked first in the United States for educational achievement, Vermont, the scores of their most at-risk students are below the proficient level on reading and math. As both American and global businesses seek the best qualified employee pools, Indiana students are not what they should or could be to attract and keep the attention of business.
Graduation Rates
Although education spending has increased substantially, graduation rates are low. Of every 100 Indiana 9th graders, only 72 are expected to graduate from high school, and of that 72, only 22 are expected to graduate from college. In comparing racial differences in graduation rates, the contrast becomes quite stark. The graduation rate for Asian students in Indiana in 84%; White student graduation rates are at 78%; Hispanic graduation rates are at 59%; and African American graduation rates are at only 53%. Despite investing over $500,000 per student over the duration of public education K-12, students are not being provided with a high quality, competitive education.
Deficiencies in Hoosier Educational Processes
The ALEC report card identified several areas in which Hoosier education is lacking. The report card gave Indiana a D- in identifying high quality teachers and in removing ineffective teachers. Indiana received only a a C- in retaining effective teachers. There is no pathway for alternative teacher certification for professionals who have high level occupational experience, but not teaching credentials.
Is More Spending a Solution?
Is more spending on education the solution? NO! According to a 2010 Indiana K-12 & School Choice Survey don’t’ by Braun Research, Inc, “Indiana voters lack a basic awareness and knowledge about how much is spent in public schools. ..Nearly 2 out of 3 respondents underestimated per student spending in public schools.” In fact, the survey indicated that 4 out of 10 voters thought the average per-pupil yearly spending, combining expenditures of local, state and federal governments, is less than $4,000. The actual per-pupil spending, including local, state, and federal expenditures is a whopping $10,164. Indiana’s portion of that amount is $5,864 per student and does not include local contributions to public education. How much longer can politicians and the public demand more money as the solution to all the woes of poor public education? Taxpayers need to become informed about the real expenditures on their students, and need to demand cost-effective, student-driven improvements to the educational system.
Does Indiana need education reform? Absolutely! Does Indiana need to spend more money doing it? Absolutely not!
Education Reform for Indiana
Do Indiana parents want educational reform? What are the essentials of education reform that would transform the educational climate for Hoosier students, pushing them to the head of the class, nationally and internationally? These are the questions that must be answered thoughtfully. We must consider how to transition Indiana’s educational system into a high-quality, high-performance system.
School Choice and Funding
As stated previously, $10,000 per pupil should be enough to provide a quality education to every student. Since it is not doing so in many schools, a hard look must be taken at low-performance public schools. The two most at-risk groups, Hispanic and African-American students are often those who are stuck in poorly performing public schools and have families with financial limitations. Students are without the option to go to a higher-performing private or parochial school. According to research provided the The Heartland Institute, “students who attend religious and secular private schools graduate at higher rates and are twice as likely to attend and graduate from college than their public school peers, even though private schools typically spend less than half as much per student as public schools.” As well, parents and students alike report greater satisfaction with their education when they have been able to choose for themselves the school that best fits their needs. School reform that will allow all students and families to choose the best educational fit for their needs, will quite quickly improve the educational climate in Indiana.
According to a study by J.S. Coleman and T. Hoffer “Public and Private Schools: The Impact of Communities”, “higher levels of parental involvement are a major reason private schools tend to outperform public schools.” Across the nation, in states like Florida, where school choice has been successfully implemented, even students who remain in public schools where there is competition from charter and private schools, tend to perform better than those where there is no competition. The power of competition in school choice should be and can be leveraged for all students, driving public, private and charter schools towards improved performance.
How then, to allow students to choose their schools? All students should be allowed to choose their educational institution, whether that be a private secular school, a private parochial or religious school, a homeschool, or an alternative at-home online school. Funding dollars should follow the child to the school of his or her choice. This can be achieved through vouchers or tax credits. High performing schools, public, private or some combination of the two, should be rewarded with adequate funds to provide quality education. In addition to the benefits of improved student and family satisfaction, funding following students also allows for an overall reduction of public money being spent on education. The public treasury is currently being tapped for $10,000 per pupil for a mediocre performance. Allowing student to attend more moderately priced, but high-performing private and/or religious schools could reduce overall spending. At the very least, it could free up additional public dollars to be directed to helping remediate at-risk students. School choice for all and funding following students can be a win-win situation for all schools.
Lastly, in our current educational climate, schools that are failing are being given ever-more money as a misguided attempt to “fix” the problems in the school. It is time to reward successful schools with additional funds to take their students higher and allow failing schools to close altogether. With adequate school choice, there never needs to be a worry about throwing more money down the rat-hole of a poor school. Rewarding good behavior and positive outcomes make a great deal more sense.
Teaching Excellence
As pointed out previously, Indiana does not have a good system to identify and retain excellent teachers. Teaching tenure, established by the number of years a teacher has been teaching, is an outmoded system. The time has come for Indiana to recognize and reward excellent teachers. State support of a merit-based teacher rating and pay system could improve the standards of quality for teachers. Performance based pay, interestingly enough, has proven controversial and has been virulently opposed by teacher’s unions. The focus in education should always be on student-driven success and the desires of teaching unions for guaranteeing a teachers’ position, no matter the relative quality of the teacher, should not be heeded. There is a high price being paid by students, and in fact, by the entire nation, for the protection of sub-standard teachers.
Additionally, it is reported that there are statistically no differences between student achievement with those who have state certified teachers and those who do not. Indiana needs to develop a “fast track” program to allow qualified and experienced professionals to obtain teaching licensure. Indian could adopt a genuine alternative pathway to teacher certification. States which have done so have seen greater test score gains than those that did not. Increasing the pool of potential teachers also increases the pool of potential great teachers, and encourages those less skilled to move out of teaching.
School Autonomy and Curricular Freedom
Among many detractors to the school choice agenda are those who fear more government involvement in private and religious schooling. Competition, not more regulation and government inspection, is the key to creating a climate of increased student performance and achievement. If genuine school choice is to be offered, then all schools need to retain local authority over curriculum, textbook selection, and student admissions, retention and discipline. Making over successful private schools through increased government intervention into the image of the failing public schools isn’t really giving parents or students any real choice at all.
Support should be given, however, to making sure that all American schools are teaching American tolerance. In many states, proposed legislative language for school choice prohibits participating schools from teaching hatred or the inferiority of any person, group, ethnicity, color, national origin, religion, or discriminating on the basis of race, color, or national origin. Is it acceptable to have an all-boys, or all-girls academy. Of course! Is it acceptable to have an academy sponsored by the Ku Klux Klan—certainly not!
Maintaining school independence of government regulation seems to be stepping off the ledge. Many parents would fear that schools would be taking public funds and not spending them appropriately. In a genuinely competitive atmosphere, schools would have a great deal of motivation to provide parents with performance-based information. Perhaps initially, parents might be more at-home with standardized performance testing to continue. Certainly over time, schools will adopt performance standards that can be explained to parents, shopping for the best education their money can purchase.
CONCLUSION
Thomas Jefferson wrote, “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.” Schools play an important role in our nation. The current arrangement is not doing all is should be either to educate our population about their civic responsibilities, nor to make the United States the center of industry, creativity and ingenuity. We are at a crossroads in Indiana. The time is NOW to make those changes to Indiana’s educational infra-structure that will reward good behavior, reward excellence and achievement, promote the value of a free market—even in education. Having reviewed all the challenges and benefits of increased school choice, alteration in the funding mechanisms of public education, methods to identify and reward teaching excellence, those states, like Florida—a leader in the school choice movement—has discovered that holding schools accountable, ending social promotion, improving teacher quality, and expanding school choice has been the recipe for success. Isn’t it time for Indiana to become the leader in the education revolution of the 21st Century?